Bonded by Belief: An Investigation on the Psychological and Social Power of Superstitions in Princeton University Varsity Sports Teams

Abstract

Superstitions are very common in the world of sports, and can be practiced both individually and collectively. Although often considered irrational, when these behaviors expand to the team level, they can become a shared belief that strengthens group cohesion, enhances motivation, and mentally prepares athletes for a game. This study investigates the role of team-wide superstitions and rituals in varsity sports at Princeton University, focusing on athletes’ perception of their impact on team dynamics and performance. Across 20 teams, 150 participants began the online survey and 75 completed it. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed, including team-level comparisons across key variables. The questionnaire assessed the frequency, inclusivity, and depth of each teams’ rituals, as well as athletes’ beliefs about their effects on game outcomes, team cohesion, motivation, and overall performance. Although statistical significance was not reached, several trends emerged in the descriptive analysis. Teams with stronger ritual cultures, defined by higher levels of frequency, inclusivity, and belief, reported that these rituals helped reduce anxiety, boost confidence, and bring players together before games. Correlation analyses revealed links between stronger ritual cultures and higher self-reported levels of team cohesion, motivation, and perceived performance. Interestingly, there was a positive association between teams’ season records and their belief that superstitions improve outcomes. Open-ended responses revealed that rituals and symbolic traditions were seen as integral to the team experience. These findings suggest that team rituals serve an important psychological and social function in competitive environments.